Comparative analysis of stomatal characteristics and Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burrill resistance in diverse Vitis sp

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator poses a major challenge for grapevine cultivation. This study investigates how stomatal and structural traits influence resistance to this pathogen across diverse Vitis genotypes. Microscopic analysis revealed significant variations in stomatal characteristics. The sunken stomata were observed in V. parviflora, V. jacquemontii, V. rupestris x V. berlandieri (110 Richter) and V. rupestris (St. George) with lower stomatal density. Genotypes with raised stomata had larger stomatal complex areas. Following inoculation with E. necator (accession No. 52218), the Vitis genotypes showed a distinct resistance response. Susceptible V. vinifera genotypes had high pathogen penetration rates, with 71 % of infection attempts forming haustoria. In contrast, V. parviflora, V. jacquemontii, and hybrids such as V. rupestris x V. berlandieri and V. riparia x V. cinerea exhibited programmed cell death (PCD)-mediated resistance, arresting up to 55 per cent of penetration attempts limiting hyphal growth. Cryo-SEM images further indicated sparse fungal growth on the resistant genotypes. The genotype V. parviflora possessed dense trichomes and long wax stripes along the epidermal cells covering leaf veins on the adaxial leaf surface, thus causing a physical barrier against the pathogen. Comparative analyses showed that callose deposition and epicuticular wax significantly contributed to early-stage pathogen defence, while reactive oxygen species and rapid PCD activation triggered hypersensitive responses, enhancing wax deposition and active PCD responses are critical for Vitis sp. resistance to powdery mildew, offering valuable insights for breeding programmes.