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Complex Fracture Propagation Behavior in Volcanic Rocks: An Experimental Study.

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Hydraulic fracturing in volcanic reservoirs creates complex fracture networks by connecting natural fractures. Lower-viscosity fluids and supercritical carbon dioxide enhance fracture complexity and connectivity, optimizing stimulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Geoscience
  • Rock Mechanics

Background:

  • Volcanic rock reservoirs present unique challenges for hydraulic fracturing due to heterogeneity and natural fractures.
  • Effective reservoir stimulation relies on creating complex fracture networks that connect with pre-existing natural fractures.
  • Understanding fracture propagation in these complex geological settings is crucial for optimizing hydrocarbon recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fracture propagation behavior in volcanic rock reservoirs under simulated field conditions.
  • To analyze the influence of natural fractures, fluid viscosity, and fracturing fluid type on fracture network complexity.
  • To provide a theoretical basis for optimizing hydraulic fracturing parameters in volcanic reservoirs.

Main Methods:

  • True triaxial fracturing simulation experiments were conducted on volcanic rock specimens from Emeishan outcrops.
  • Post-fracturing specimen splitting, pressure curve analysis, and acoustic emission tests were employed.
  • Influences of natural fracture presence, fluid viscosity (slickwater), and fracturing fluid type (supercritical CO2) were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Volcanic reservoirs exhibit significant heterogeneity with well-developed natural fractures that can be interconnected.
  • Fracture morphology is characterized by main, secondary vertical, and secondary horizontal fractures, with horizontal fractures influencing fracture height.
  • Different failure modes were observed: shear-dilation in matrix-dominated areas and shear slip in natural fracture-rich zones.
  • Lower-viscosity slickwater promotes complex fracture formation by leaking into natural fractures.
  • Supercritical carbon dioxide enhances fracture complexity and network formation due to its penetration capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Natural fractures significantly influence fracture propagation and network complexity in volcanic reservoirs.
  • Fluid properties, particularly viscosity and type, play a critical role in achieving desired fracture complexity.
  • Optimized fracturing fluid selection and parameter control are essential for successful stimulation of volcanic tight reservoirs.