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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
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Author Spotlight: Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines
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LNC-ing Genetics in Mitochondrial Disease.

Rick Kamps1, Emma Louise Robinson2

  • 1Department of Translational Genomics, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Non-Coding RNA
|November 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Primary mitochondrial disease (MD) involves genetic disorders affecting mitochondria. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key genetic factors in MD, offering new avenues for understanding and potentially treating these rare conditions.

Keywords:
biomarkersdisease coding and non-coding variantsgenome sequencing (GS)long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)mitochondrial disease (MD)multiomics

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An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Rare Diseases

Background:

  • Primary mitochondrial disease (MD) affects 1 in 5000 people and lacks a cure.
  • Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to major diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer.
  • Genetic factors are crucial for understanding MD, guiding treatment, and assessing hereditary risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mitochondrial disease pathophysiology.
  • To highlight the emerging role of lncRNAs in rare malignancies and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • To identify the unmet need for deeper understanding of lncRNAs in human disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on genetic contributors to primary and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Focus on advances in genome sequencing (GS) and targeted gene panel analysis.
  • Exploration of the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in MD.

Main Results:

  • Genome sequencing advances are revealing the significance of lncRNAs in MD.
  • A growing body of research indicates lncRNAs' involvement in MD causation and progression.
  • lncRNAs are becoming a focus for clinical geneticists, particularly in rare cancers.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are increasingly recognized as significant genetic and molecular contributors to disease pathophysiology.
  • Further research into lncRNAs is essential for understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in major human diseases.
  • Understanding lncRNA roles may improve diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies for MD.