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Published on: May 6, 2013
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Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes.
Heikki Hyöty1,2,3, Jutta E Laiho4, Suvi M Virtanen5,6,7,8
1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland heikki.hyoty@tuni.fi.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|November 25, 2024
Summary
Identifying environmental triggers for type 1 diabetes is challenging. Research suggests enterovirus infections and certain dietary factors like cow's milk intake may influence islet autoimmunity, but causality requires further study.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Environmental Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Environmental factors significantly contribute to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
- Identifying these factors is challenging, necessitating large prospective studies.
- Few large prospective birth cohort studies exist.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify environmental risk and protective factors for type 1 diabetes.
- To investigate the association of enterovirus infections and dietary factors with islet autoimmunity (IA).
Main Methods:
- Analysis of data from large prospective birth cohort studies.
- Review of ongoing clinical trials for enterovirus interventions.
- Evaluation of results from the TRIGR nutritional prevention trial.
Main Results:
- Enterovirus infections show a consistent risk association with IA initiation.
- Omega-3 fatty acids are inversely associated with IA risk; childhood cow's milk intake is directly associated.
- The TRIGR trial found no difference between extensively hydrolyzed and conventional cow's milk formula.
Conclusions:
- Environmental factors play a role in type 1 diabetes, with enteroviruses and diet being key areas of interest.
- Causality for enterovirus and dietary associations with IA remains unconfirmed.
- Further research and clinical trials are needed to elucidate mechanisms and confirm causality.
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