Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

1
Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
1
Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂

11.2K
The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
11.2K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

11.7K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
11.7K
Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

2.4K
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...
2.4K
Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

84.1K
Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
84.1K
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

2.5K
The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A chemical epigenetic tool to probe site-specific DNA-binding protein complexes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

An orthogonal T7 replisome for continuous hypermutation and accelerated evolution in <i>E. coli</i>.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

SuFEx-based antitubercular compound irreversibly inhibits Pks13.

Nature·2025
Same author

Targeted degradation of α-Synuclein using an evolved botulinum toxin protease.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Toward a Quadruplet Codon Mitochondrial Genetic Code.

ACS synthetic biology·2024
Same author

Recent advances in the expanding genetic code.

Current opinion in chemical biology·2024
Same journal

Structural and Functional Characterization of Heterologous Nitrogenase Complexes.

Biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Discovery of Bacterial Unspecific Peroxygenases.

Biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Lactate Biology: Subcellular Routing and Chemical Form Define Function.

Biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Nature's Anaerobic Toolkit: Glycyl Radical Enzymes and Their Expanding Functional and Mechanistic Diversity.

Biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Structural Bases for the Unconventional Activity of a Viroporin Channel.

Biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Targeting the WASF3 Regulatory Complex in Pancreatic Cancer Using Stapled Peptides.

Biochemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator
07:47

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Published on: October 20, 2021

2.8K

A Genetically Encoded Redox-Active Nicotinamide Amino Acid.

Michael L Pigula1, Yahui Ban1, Hengyao You1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.

Biochemistry
|November 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists genetically encoded a novel nicotinamide-based amino acid (Nic1) in bacteria. This engineered cofactor mimics natural nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and can be site-specifically incorporated into proteins for redox studies.

More Related Videos

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO&#8226;) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO&#8226; Signals in Single Cells
08:32

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

12.8K
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator
07:47

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Published on: October 20, 2021

2.8K
Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO&#8226;) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO&#8226; Signals in Single Cells
08:32

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

12.8K
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Protein Engineering

Background:

  • Nicotinamide cofactors are crucial for enzymatic two-electron redox reactions.
  • Engineering proteins to bind nicotinamide cofactors is challenging due to complex interfaces and precise orientation requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To genetically encode a novel nicotinamide-containing amino acid (Nic1) for protein incorporation.
  • To develop a tool for studying enzyme electron-transfer mechanisms and engineering redox-active proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic encoding of a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) with a nicotinamide side chain in bacteria.
  • Characterization of the electrochemical properties of the incorporated Nic1.
  • Demonstration of reversible redox activity of Nic1 in solution and within a model protein.

Main Results:

  • Successfully engineered and expressed a redox-active amino acid, Nic1, in bacteria.
  • Nic1 demonstrated electrochemical properties similar to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
  • Site-specific incorporation of Nic1 into a model protein enabled reversible redox reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Genetically encoded Nic1 serves as a functional, site-specific cofactor mimic.
  • Nic1 provides a novel tool for investigating enzyme mechanisms and engineering redox-active proteins.