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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Cause and Effect01:53

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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Causality in Epidemiology01:21

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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

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Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Sample Preparation to Bioinformatics Analysis of DNA Methylation: Association Strategy for Obesity and Related Trait Studies
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A causal association between obesity and constipation: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study and

Xian Sun1, Shuoqiu Zhang2, Xi Zhou1

  • 1School of Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.

Frontiers in Nutrition
|November 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Obesity, particularly genetically predisposed obesity, increases constipation risk. This Mendelian randomization (MR) study and meta-analysis confirm a causal link, especially in children, highlighting the need for further research into underlying mechanisms.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationcausal associationconstipationmeta-analysisobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Epidemiology
  • Gastroenterology and Public Health

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest a link between obesity and constipation, but findings are conflicting.
  • A robust causal relationship requires investigation beyond observational data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the causal relationship between genetically predisposed obesity and constipation risk using Mendelian randomization (MR).
  • To conduct a meta-analysis to confirm findings and explore subgroup variations.

Main Methods:

  • Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for obesity (BMI, WC, WHR, HC) and constipation.
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 eligible studies (43,488 subjects).
  • Sensitivity analyses and E-value calculations to ensure result robustness and assess potential confounding.

Main Results:

  • MR analysis indicated that increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) causally increase constipation risk (e.g., IVW OR for BMI = 1.138, p=0.012).
  • Meta-analysis showed obesity and overweight significantly increase constipation risk (RR=1.145), particularly in children (obesity RR=1.407).
  • No significant causal link was found between constipation and obesity in adults, or between WHR/HC and constipation.

Conclusions:

  • Genetically predisposed obesity, specifically higher BMI and WC, is causally associated with an increased risk of constipation.
  • The findings are consistent across MR and meta-analysis, with a notable impact observed in pediatric populations.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the obesity-constipation association.