Staging Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction by Assessing Cardiac Chamber Involvement

The management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains largely unresolved due to our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the pathology and the challenges in accurately phenotyping this heterogeneous syndrome. A paradigm shift is required to personalise care and unify our approaches to HFpEF patients for future clinical trials. Accordingly, we propose a staging classification for HFpEF based on the identification of the involved cardiac chambers by echocardiography.