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Parent-Specific Transgenerational Immune Priming Enhances Offspring Defense-Unless Heat Stress Negates It All.

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Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) benefits offspring when environments match, but climate change-induced heat spikes threaten these advantages. This study in pipefish reveals TGIP

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) prepares offspring for future threats based on parental exposure.
  • TGIP is adaptive when parental and offspring environments match, but costly when they mismatch.
  • Pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) offer a unique model due to bi-parental immune priming potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cost-benefit dynamics of TGIP in pipefish under varying environmental conditions.
  • To determine the influence of parental vaccination with Vibrio aestuarianus on offspring immunity and microbiome.
  • To assess the impact of heat stress on TGIP efficacy and offspring susceptibility to disease.

Main Methods:

  • Pipefish were vaccinated with heat-killed Vibrio aestuarianus before mating.
  • Offspring were exposed to Vibrio aestuarianus under control or heat stress conditions.
  • Transcriptome and microbiome compositions were analyzed to evaluate TGIP effects.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptomic TGIP effects were observed only in offspring exposed to Vibrio at control temperatures.
  • Maternal and paternal TGIP had limited, non-additive transcriptomic overlap, primarily affecting innate immunity.
  • Parental TGIP reduced Vibrio abundance in offspring, but no TGIP benefits were seen under heat stress.

Conclusions:

  • TGIP provides ecological benefits in matching biotic environments but is limited by environmental mismatches like heat stress.
  • Climate change-induced heat spikes may negate TGIP benefits, increasing disease susceptibility in marine organisms.
  • Understanding animal coping mechanisms for climate-driven microbial changes is crucial for assessing vulnerability.