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Surface roughness on titanium alloy (Ti64) and zirconia (ZrO2) significantly increases neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) expression, particularly on rougher surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Materials Engineering

Background:

  • Neutrophils play a critical role in innate immunity and inflammation.
  • Biomaterial surface properties can influence cellular responses.
  • Titanium alloys (Ti64) and zirconia (ZrO2) are commonly used dental and orthopedic implant materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying surface roughness of Ti64 and ZrO2 on neutrophil activation.
  • To quantify the expression of neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), MMP-9, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to different surface topographies.

Main Methods:

  • Ti64 and ZrO2 discs with defined surface roughness (rough, smooth, very smooth) were prepared.
  • Wistar rat neutrophils were cultured on these surfaces.
  • ELISA was used to measure NE, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels; immunohistochemistry was employed to assess NET formation.

Main Results:

  • Rough Ti64 and ZrO2 surfaces significantly increased NE and MMP-8 expression compared to very smooth surfaces after 2 and 4 hours.
  • MMP-9 expression increased with culture time, but was not significantly affected by surface roughness.
  • Rougher surfaces (R & S) induced significantly greater NET formation than very smooth surfaces (VS) after 4 and 8 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Increased surface roughness of Ti64 and ZrO2 biomaterials enhances neutrophil activation.
  • Surface topography is a key factor influencing the release of inflammatory mediators (NE, MMP-8) and NETosis by neutrophils.
  • These findings have implications for designing biomaterials with controlled surface properties to modulate inflammatory responses.