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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
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Pulmonary Endometriosis: A Systematic Review.

Konstantinos Nikolettos1, Alexandros Patsouras2, Sonia Kotanidou1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68110 Alexandroupolis, Greece.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|November 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare condition affecting the chest. This review of 592 patients found catamenial pneumothorax to be the most common symptom, often treated with surgery and hormonal therapy.

Keywords:
TEScatamenialendometriosisextra-pelvicpulmonarysyndromethoracic

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Endometriosis involves ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus, typically in the pelvis.
  • Pulmonary endometriosis, or thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), is a rare manifestation with thoracic cavity involvement.
  • TES encompasses conditions like catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax, hemoptysis, and lung nodules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize all reported cases of thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES).
  • To consolidate findings on clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes for TES.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed on MEDLINE/PUBMED using relevant keywords.
  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines included 202 studies published between 1950 and 2024.
  • Data from 592 patients diagnosed with TES were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The median age of affected women was 33.8 years.
  • Catamenial pneumothorax was the most frequent presentation (68.4%), predominantly affecting the right lung (79.9%).
  • Chest CT revealed ground-glass nodules and cystic lesions; X-rays most commonly showed pneumothorax. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) combined with hormonal therapy was the primary treatment, with a 10.1% recurrence rate.

Conclusions:

  • High clinical suspicion and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for optimal management of TES.
  • Further research is needed to establish more definitive treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.