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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health
Published on: October 9, 2017
Discovery of multiple bee-hazardous pesticides in ornamental plants via the Bee-Plex multi-target microsphere
Rubing Zou1, Ruud van Dam2, Nathalie Smits2
1Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Abstract:
Exposure to pesticides is one of the main drivers of global bee decline. However, the occurrence of pesticides in bee-attracting crops remains underexposed due to the lack of efficient on-site screening approaches for multi-analyte monitoring. Utilizing color-encoded superparamagnetic microspheres, we constructed a portable 8-plex indirect competitive microsphere-based immunoassay for the simultaneous determination of multiple bee-hazardous residues (Bee-Plex). Through a single measurement within 40 min, Bee-Plex exhibited high sensitivities with IC50values of 0.04, 0.08, 0.14, 0.15, 0.78, 0.86, 7.72, and 8.79 ng/mL for imidacloprid, parathion, fipronil, emamectin, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin and carbaryl, respectively. Moreover, the implementation of multiple broad-specific antibodies enables a wide-range screening profile for 30 pesticides and pesticide metabolites, detecting 6 neonicotinoids, 6 N-methyl carbamates 6 organophosphates, 5 avermectins, 5 pyrethroids and 2 phenylpyrazoles. The combination of Bee-Plex screening (93 % accuracy) and LC-MS/MS confirmatory analysis revealed contaminations of neonicotinoids (100 %) and avermectins (70 %) in roses, with occurrence frequencies of 79 %, 79 %, 21 %, 21 %, 7 %, and 7 % for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, imidaclothiz, and nitenpyram, respectively. Above all, this study offers a powerful analytical tool for rapid screening of multiple bee-hazardous pesticides, offering new insights in the occurrence of multi-pesticide contamination in ornamental plants.
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