Tau Accumulation Induces Microglial State Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

Unique microglial states have been identified in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice and postmortem AD brains. Although it has been well documented that amyloid-β accumulation induces the alteration of microglial states, the relationship between tau pathology and microglial states remains incompletely understood because of a lack of suitable AD models. In the present study, we generated a novel AD model mouse by the intracerebral administration of tau purified from human brains with primary age-related tauopathy into App knock-in mice with humanized tau. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Dectin-1-positive disease-associated microglia were increased in the AD model mice after tau accumulation in the brain. We then performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing on the AD model mice to evaluate the differences in microglial states with and without tau propagation and accumulation. By taking advantage of spatial transcriptomics and existing single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, we showed for the first time that tau propagation and accumulation induce a disease-associated microglial phenotype at the expense of an age-related nonhomeostatic counterpart (namely, white matter-associated microglia) in an AD model mouse brain. Future work using spatial transcriptomics at single-cell resolution will pave the way for a more appropriate interpretation of microglial alterations in response to tau pathology in the AD brain.