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Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: Understanding Adolescent Social Adversity Effects on Neurodevelopment in Mice
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Puberty and NeuroDevelopment in adolescents (PANDA): a study protocol.

Katherine O Bray1,2, Olivia Durbin1,3,4, Stephanie Hartanto3,4

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.

BMC Pediatrics
|November 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates biological and social factors influencing adolescent anxiety and emotion dysregulation. It examines how hormones, cortisol, and brain function relate to anxiety development in young people.

Keywords:
AdolescenceAdverse childhood experiencesBrainEmotion processingFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)HormonesParentingPubertyStudy protocol

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adolescence involves biopsychosocial changes increasing risk for emotion dysregulation and anxiety disorders.
  • Biological mechanisms of adolescent anxiety, particularly sex differences, remain under-explored.
  • The Puberty and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescents (PANDA) study addresses these knowledge gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the links between biological factors (sex hormones, cortisol) and social environmental factors with adolescent brain function.
  • To investigate emotion regulation and fear learning processes relevant to anxiety disorder development.
  • To understand the biological and environmental contributors to emotion dysregulation and anxiety in adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional observational study of 175 adolescents (aged 11-16, majority female).
  • Utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for functional brain imaging during emotion regulation and fear learning tasks.
  • Measured hormones (hair cortisol, saliva estradiol, progesterone) and assessed mental health via questionnaires and interviews, including parenting and adverse childhood experiences.

Main Results:

  • Multiple saliva samples assessed hormone level variability.
  • Timing of adverse childhood experiences and parental factors (maternal and paternal) were examined.
  • Brain structure and function were explored to understand underlying mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The study collected comprehensive data on biological and environmental factors related to adolescent anxiety.
  • It enhances understanding of the mechanisms contributing to emotion dysregulation and anxiety.
  • Findings will inform future research and interventions for adolescent mental health.