Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

22
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
22
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

309
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
309
Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

27
Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
27
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

18.3K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
18.3K
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

5.2K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.2K
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

23.0K
The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
23.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Longitudinal Associations of Step Count on Mental Health and Sleep of Young Adult College Students.

Behavioral sleep medicine·2026
Same author

Longitudinal associations of sleep midpoint and sleep midpoint variability with the mental health of young adult college students.

Chronobiology international·2026
Same author

A cross-cultural incremental effects meta-analysis of acceptance and commitment therapy for depression: does targeting depression even matter?

Cognitive behaviour therapy·2026
Same author

Pilot evidence of genetic and environmental contributions to problematic pornography use, pornography use frequency, and moral disapproval to pornography.

The journal of sexual medicine·2026
Same author

Effect of a Power Mobility Intervention on the Sleep Health of Toddlers with Cerebral Palsy.

Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics·2025
Same author

Racial trauma and substance use behaviors in Black Americans.

Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse·2025
Same journal

An Eye-Tracking Study on Text Accessibility and Comprehension in University Students.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Social Support, and Life Satisfaction Among Female College Students: A Variable- and Person-Centered Analysis.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Shifting the Blame: How Narrative Framing, Coercive Strategies, and Rape Myth Acceptance Distort Perceptions of Sexual Assault and Fuel Victim Blame.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

An AI Perspective on Counseling Supervision.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Symbolic Participation or Substantial Learning Behavior? A PSM-Based Comparison Between Honors and Non-Honors Undergraduates from Two Top Elite Universities in China.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Literacy Profiles in Twice-Exceptional Preadolescents with Intellectual Giftedness and Dyslexia.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
06:15

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

Published on: July 10, 2017

12.8K

The Toxic Masculinity Scale: Development and Initial Validation.

Steven Michael Sanders1, Claudia Garcia-Aguilera1, Nicholas C Borgogna2

  • 1School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS28), a 28-item, 4-factor survey measuring harmful masculine norms. The TMS28 demonstrates reliability and validity for assessing toxic masculinity in men.

Keywords:
instrument developmentmasculinitymeasurement

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research
05:03

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research

Published on: December 15, 2023

3.8K
Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

669

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2025

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
06:15

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

Published on: July 10, 2017

12.8K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research
05:03

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research

Published on: December 15, 2023

3.8K
Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

669

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Measurement Science

Background:

  • Toxic masculinity encompasses harmful social norms associated with traditional masculinity.
  • Existing measures may not fully capture the multifaceted nature of toxic masculinity.
  • A validated instrument is needed to accurately assess these constructs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS).
  • To identify key dimensions of toxic masculinity through empirical investigation.
  • To provide a reliable and valid tool for research on men's mental health and social behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and qualitative inquiry (grounded theory) to generate items.
  • Expert review and preliminary testing with U.S. undergraduate men (N=683).
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to refine scale structure and identify factors (Masculine Superiority, Gender Rigidity, Emotional Restriction, Repressed Suffering).

Main Results:

  • Initial 165 items reduced to 35, then to 28 items loading onto 4 factors.
  • The final Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS28) showed strong internal consistency (α = 0.93).
  • TMS28 demonstrated good construct and discriminant validity, correlating as expected with related and opposing measures.

Conclusions:

  • The TMS28 is a reliable and valid measure for assessing toxic masculinity.
  • The scale's four factors provide a nuanced understanding of harmful masculine norms.
  • The TMS28 can be utilized in future research to explore the impact of toxic masculinity.