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Published on: July 30, 2020
Methyl Paraben Affects Porcine Oocyte Maturation Through Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Huimei Huang1, Chuman Huang1, Yinghua Li1
1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, South China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529000, China.
Abstract:
Parabens are widely used in various industries, which are including chemical, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and plastic processing industries. Among these, methyl paraben (MP) serves as an antimicrobial preservative in processed foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, and it is particularly detected in baby care products. Studies indicate that MP functions as an endocrine-disrupting compound with estrogenic properties, negatively affecting mitochondrial bioenergetics and antioxidant activity in testicular germ cells. However, limited information exists regarding studies on the effects of MP in oocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific mechanism and the toxic effects of MP during oocyte maturation cultured in vitro using a porcine oocyte model. The results indicated that MP (50 μM) inhibited oocyte expansion, significantly reducing the expression of expansion-related genes MAPK1 and ERK1, and decreased the first polar body extrusion significantly as well. ATP levels decreased, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels remained unchanged, and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased significantly, resulting in an elevated ROS/GSH ratio. The expression of antioxidant genes SOD1 and GPX was significantly decreased. Additionally, a significant decrease in levels of mitochondrial production and biosynthesis protein PGC1α+β, whereas levels of antioxidant-related protein Nrf2 and related gene expression were significantly increased. Autophagy protein LC3B and gene expression significantly decreased, and apoptosis assay indicated a significant increase in levels of caspase3 protein and apoptosis-related genes. These results demonstrated the negative effect of MP on oocyte maturation. In conclusion, our findings indicate that MP disrupts redox balance and induces mitochondrial dysfunction during meiosis in porcine oocytes, resulting in the inhibition of meiotic progression. The present study reveals the mechanism underlying the effects of methyl para-hydroxybenzoate on oocyte maturation.
Insights
Methyl paraben (MP) impairs porcine oocyte maturation by disrupting redox balance and mitochondrial function. This endocrine disruptor inhibits meiotic progression and affects key gene and protein expressions essential for oocyte development.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Biology
- Toxicology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Parabens, including methyl paraben (MP), are common preservatives in consumer products.
- MP is an endocrine-disrupting compound with known effects on testicular germ cells.
- Limited research exists on MP's impact on oocytes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the toxic effects and specific mechanisms of MP on in vitro porcine oocyte maturation.
- To elucidate MP's impact on gene and protein expression related to oocyte development.
Main Methods:
- Porcine oocytes were cultured in vitro with MP (50 μM).
- Assessed oocyte expansion, polar body extrusion, ATP levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH).
- Analyzed gene and protein expression of MAPK1, ERK1, SOD1, GPX, PGC1α+β, Nrf2, LC3B, and caspase3.
Main Results:
- MP inhibited oocyte expansion and first polar body extrusion.
- Decreased ATP and GSH levels, leading to an elevated ROS/GSH ratio.
- Reduced expression of antioxidant, mitochondrial, and autophagy-related genes/proteins; increased apoptosis markers.
Conclusions:
- MP negatively affects porcine oocyte maturation by disrupting redox balance and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction.
- MP inhibits meiotic progression in oocytes, highlighting potential reproductive risks.
- This study reveals the underlying mechanisms of methyl paraben's toxicity in oocyte development.
