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Updated: Jun 6, 2025
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain
Published on: October 22, 2016
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Engineering and Technological Advancements in Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): A Five-Year Review
Abigail Tubbs1, Enrique Alvarez Vazquez1
1Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
Brain Sciences
|November 27, 2024
Summary
Recent advancements in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improve safety and efficacy through AI and brain-computer interfaces. Challenges in standardization and ethics require further research for widespread, equitable access to this neuromodulation technique.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
Background:
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has seen significant technological evolution in recent years.
- Innovations span device design, treatment protocols, software, and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).
Purpose of the Study:
- To review technological and clinical advancements in rTMS from 2019-2024.
- To evaluate how innovations enhance rTMS safety, efficacy, and accessibility.
- To identify persistent challenges and future research directions.
Main Methods:
- Structured review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024.
- Focus on technological innovations including AI, portable devices, and BCI integration.
- Analysis of clinical advancements and their impact on rTMS therapy.
Main Results:
- AI algorithms enable personalized rTMS protocols, enhancing treatment specificity.
- Portable devices and advanced coil designs increase accessibility and precision of neuromodulation.
- Integrated BCIs offer adaptive and responsive rTMS delivery.
- Challenges include protocol standardization, device complexity, and equitable access.
Conclusions:
- Recent rTMS innovations improve clinical utility but gaps in long-term efficacy and ethical considerations remain.
- Standardization, accessibility, and ethical frameworks are crucial for sustainable rTMS impact.
- Future research should address these challenges to optimize rTMS application.
Keywords:
artificial intelligence (AI)brain–computer interface (BCI)clinical efficacydevice designmagnetic coil technologyneuroimagingneuromodulationpersonalized medicineportable devicespsychiatric treatmentrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)safety protocolstechnological advancementstreatment protocols
