Aging-Induced Changes in Cutibacterium acnes and Their Effects on Skin Elasticity and Wrinkle Formation

Skin aging involves biomechanical changes like decreased elasticity, increased wrinkle formation, and altered barrier function. The skin microbiome significantly impacts this process. Here, we investigated the effects of decreased Cutibacterium acnes abundance and increase in other skin microorganisms on skin biomechanical properties in 60 healthy Koreans from Seoul, divided into younger (20-29 years) and older (60-75 years) groups. Metagenomic sequencing and skin assessments showed that the older group exhibited decreased C. acnes dominance and increased microbial diversity, correlating with reduced skin elasticity and increased wrinkles. In the younger age group, the enriched pathways included zeatin biosynthesis, distinct biotin metabolism pathways, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism in the younger age group, whereas pathways related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and responses to environmental stressors, including UV damage and pollution, were enriched in the older group, according to functional analysis results. Network analysis indicated higher microbial connectivity in the younger group, suggesting a more stable community, whereas the older group's community displayed higher modularity, indicating more independent and specialized clusters. This study enhances our understanding of the impact of skin microbiome changes on skin aging, particularly the anti-aging effects of C. acnes. Future research should focus on the physiological mechanisms of skin microbiota on skin aging and explore therapeutic potentials to enhance skin health.