Plant-Derived Natural Products and Their Nano Transformation: A Sustainable Option Towards Desert Locust Infestations

The desert locust has been recognized as the most devastating migratory pest in the world. Swarms of this pest have been threatening vast regions of pastures and crops in Africa, Middle East, and South Asia. The biological management of expanding swarms has become a strategy of particular interest due to environmental awareness and economic issues associated with chemical pesticides. The present review aims to explore the latest updates and information about pesticidal plants that are distributed across Africa. Searches on Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases from 2013-2024 revealed a total of 22 plant species probed for insecticidal activities against desert locusts. The formulation, active ingredients, and biological effects of essential oils and other extracts from these plants are presented. Despite the promising anti-insecticidal effects of the plant extracts and compounds, issues related to their solubility and instability under environmental conditions have been observed. To address such major quality defects, methods for the encapsulation of plant natural products within nanostructures are detailed. Given the presence of bioactive compounds with nucleophiles bearing functional groups, the reported plant extracts have been exploited to fabricate metal nanoparticles with inherent insecticidal activities. In this paper, a holistic overview of prepared phytochemical-coated metal nanopesticides is also presented. In summary, this study offers insights into the integration of nanoformulated natural resources as a more sustainable option to control desert locust invasions.