Peer-Assisted Telemedicine for Hepatitis C in People Who Use Drugs: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination requires treating people who use drugs (PWUD), yet <10% of PWUD in the United States access HCV treatment; access is especially limited in rural communities.

We randomized PWUD with HCV viremia and past 90-day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use in 7 rural Oregon counties to peer-assisted telemedicine HCV treatment (TeleHCV) versus peer-assisted referral to local providers (enhanced usual care [EUC]). Peers supported screening and pretreatment laboratory evaluation for all participants and facilitated telemedicine visits, medication delivery, and adherence for TeleHCV participants. Generalized linear models estimated group differences in HCV viral clearance (primary outcome) and HCV treatment initiation and completion (secondary outcomes).

Of the 203 randomized participants (100 TeleHCV, 103 EUC), most were male (62%), White (88%), with recent houselessness (70%), and used methamphetamines (88%) or fentanyl/heroin (58%) in the past 30 days. Eighty-five of 100 TeleHCV participants (85%) initiated treatment versus 13 of 103 (12%) EUC participants (relative risk [RR], 6.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 4.0-11.3]; P < .001). Sixty-three of 100 (63%) TeleHCV participants versus 16 of 103 (16%) EUC participants achieved viral clearance 12 weeks after anticipated treatment completion date (RR, 4.1 [95% CI: 2.5-6.5]; P < .001).

The Peer TeleHCV treatment model substantially increased HCV treatment initiation and viral clearance compared to EUC. Replication in other rural and low-resource settings could further World Health Organization HCV elimination goals by expanding and decentralizing treatment access for PWUD. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04798521.