Raman spectroscopy in extracellular vesicles analysis: Techniques, applications and advancements

Area of Science:

• Biophysical techniques
• Nanotechnology
• Molecular diagnostics

Background:

• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial biomarkers for disease.
• Accurate EV characterization is essential for clinical applications.
• Raman spectroscopy offers label-free molecular insights into EVs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and compare various Raman spectroscopy techniques for EV characterization.
• To provide a holistic assessment of Raman-based EV analysis strategies.
• To highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy in EV diagnostics and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

• Raman Spectroscopy (RS)
• Raman Trapping Analysis (RTA)
• Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
• Microfluidic SERS
• Machine learning integration
• EV isolation and characterization strategies

Main Results:

• Raman techniques offer enhanced sensitivity and accuracy for EV profiling.
• SERS and microfluidic SERS enable high-throughput, label-free analysis.
• Integration with machine learning improves data analysis and interpretation.
• Raman spectroscopy facilitates comprehensive EV analysis including purity, heterogeneity, and size.

Conclusions:

• Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for detailed EV molecular profiling.
• Advanced Raman techniques combined with computational methods enhance EV analysis.
• This integrated approach supports the development of robust EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics.