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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

4
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

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β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

343
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Surgical Swine Model of Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Treated by Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
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Brain structural and functional changes in patients with chronic heart failure.

Yu Ting Liu1, Yu Ting Yang1, Chun Xiang Tang1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.

Neuroscience
|November 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Patients with chronic heart failure (HF) show reduced brain gray matter volume and white matter integrity, alongside impaired functional connectivity. These brain changes correlate with cognitive deficits, suggesting potential neuroimaging biomarkers for heart failure patients.

Keywords:
BrainCognitive impairmentHeart FailureMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cardiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is often associated with neurological complications, including cognitive impairments.
  • Understanding the underlying brain alterations in chronic HF is crucial for developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alterations in brain structure and function in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • To explore the relationship between neuroimaging findings and cognitive performance in HF patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study comparing 49 chronic HF patients with 49 healthy controls (HCs).
  • Utilized voxel-based morphometry on structural MRI for gray matter volume (GMV) analysis.
  • Assessed functional connectivity (FC) using resting-state fMRI and white matter integrity with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Main Results:

  • Chronic HF patients exhibited significantly reduced regional GMV and white matter microstructure integrity compared to HCs.
  • Decreased FC was observed in brain regions critical for cognition, sensorimotor, and visual functions.
  • Reduced GMV positively correlated with cognitive performance, and decreased fractional anisotropy correlated with anxiety scores in HF patients.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic HF is associated with structural brain damage (gray and white matter) and functional connectivity abnormalities.
  • GMV may serve as a neuroimaging biomarker for cognitive impairments in HF.
  • These findings highlight potential targets for neuroprotective therapies in chronic HF management.