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Updated: Jul 22, 2026
Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton
Published on: June 16, 2016
Consensus-Based Recommendations for Designing, Delivering, Evaluating, and Reporting Exercise Intervention Research
Matteo Ponzano1, Mark S Nash2, James Bilzon3
1School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre (BSCC), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
Objectives:
To establish recommendations for designing, delivering, evaluating, and reporting exercise intervention research to improve fitness-related outcomes in people living with spinal cord injury (PwSCI).
Design:
International consensus process.
Setting:
(1) An expert panel was established consisting of 9 members of the governing panel of the International Spinal Cord Society Physical Activity Special Interest Group and 9 additional scientists who authored or co-authored ≥1 exercise randomized controlled trial paper involving PwSCI. (2) We invited the panelists to draft an outline of the recommendations for 1 intervention component. (3) The panel reviewed the draft outlines and determined whether they fit the scope and objectives of the project, whether they were evidence-based, and whether they were sufficiently detailed. (4) We interviewed 7 PwSCI who had participated in ≥1 exercise trial to gather insights on their experiences within the trials, what they liked, and what they would change. (5) A first draft of the recommendations was approved by the panel and circulated to the general members of the International Spinal Cord Society Physical Activity Special Interest Group to gather their suggestions and opinions via an online survey. (6) The member feedback was used to revise the recommendations and panel members approved a final version.
Participants:
N/A.
Interventions:
N/A.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
N/A.
Results:
We generated 33 recommendations regarding participant recruitment, study sample size determination, outcome measurement, potential confounders, exercise intervention prescription and delivery, supporting adherence to the intervention, monitoring and reporting adherence and retention, fidelity of the delivery of the intervention, monitoring and reporting adverse events, study design, and registration of study protocol and preparation of a protocol paper.
Conclusions:
International experts have come to consensus on recommendations for conducting exercise intervention research involving PwSCI. Adopting these recommendations will increase the quality of the research and the overall certainty of the evidence regarding the effects of exercise on health outcomes in PwSCI.
