Ways of analysing extracellular gadolinium enhancement

The use of extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents provides valuable information in magnetic resonance studies, thus increasing diagnostic confidence. These contrast agents make it easier to detect and define injuries, and narrow down the differential diagnosis. They are indicated for several different reasons, both for diagnostic purposes and for evaluating the response to treatment. Morphological analysis can assess the type of uptake, the qualitative and semiquantitative study of the signal intensity vs time curves in multiphase sequences, and the quantitative analysis of the uptake with T1 or T2* perfusion studies associated with pharmacokinetic models. Multiphase dynamic studies with 3D sequences contain valuable information that is not exploited by a simple visual analysis of 2D images. To take advantage of this information and the imaging biomarkers provided, computational analysis should be used. To this end, the future role of artificial intelligence is increasingly evident.