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Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

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Tension Band Wiring Versus Precontoured Plate Fixation for 2-Part and Multifragmented Olecranon Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume·2025

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Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Is Superior to Plate Fixation for Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures in the Elderly: Five-Year Follow-up of the DelPhi Randomized Controlled Trial.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume·2024

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Physiotherapist-supervised exercises versus unsupervised home-based exercises after nonsurgically treated proximal humerus fracture: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

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A cost-effectiveness analysis of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty compared with locking plates in the management of displaced proximal humerus fractures in the elderly: the DelPhi trial.

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Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of humeral SHAFT fractures compared by a patient-reported outcome: the Scandinavian Humeral diAphyseal Fracture Trial (SHAFT)-a study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

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Pegs not superior to screws for fixation of fractures of the proximal humerus.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

[Proximal humerus fractures].

Tore Fjalestad¹, Tone Wagle², Kaare S Midtgaard¹

¹Ortopedisk avdeling, Oslo universitetssykehus.

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke

|November 28, 2024

Summary

Most proximal humerus fractures often heal well without surgery. Patient motivation and physiotherapy are crucial for regaining shoulder function, especially if surgery is needed.

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Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation

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Published on: March 13, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Physical Therapy

Background:

Proximal humerus fractures are common bone injuries.
Non-surgical treatment is often effective.
Surgical intervention is considered for a subset of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To review key considerations for managing proximal humerus fractures.
To highlight the importance of patient engagement in recovery.
To inform clinicians on optimizing outcomes.

Main Methods:

Clinical review of current literature and practices.
Emphasis on diagnostic imaging (radiographs, CT scans).
Discussion of non-operative and operative management strategies.

Main Results:

Non-surgical management yields acceptable results for most fractures.
Approximately 20% of patients require surgical assessment.
Patient adherence to exercise and physiotherapy is vital for functional recovery.

Conclusions:

Optimal shoulder function post-fracture depends heavily on patient motivation and rehabilitation.
Radiographs and CT scans are essential for accurate assessment.
Careful consideration of surgical versus non-surgical approaches is necessary.