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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds
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C3aR1 on β cells enhances β cell function and survival.

Renan Pereira de Lima, Ang Li, Ankit Gilani

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |November 28, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pancreatic beta cells require the C3aR1 receptor to maintain function and mass, especially during obesity and type 2 diabetes. Deleting C3aR1 impairs insulin secretion and increases cell death, highlighting its crucial role.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Endocrinology
    • Metabolic Diseases

    Background:

    • Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction is a key factor in type 2 diabetes (T2D) development.
    • Maintaining beta cell homeostasis is crucial for metabolic health, particularly under conditions like obesity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of the complement receptor C3aR1 on pancreatic beta cells in maintaining beta cell function and homeostasis.
    • To elucidate the signaling axis between C3a and beta cell-expressed C3aR1 in the context of metabolic stress.

    Main Methods:

    • Generation of mice with beta cell-specific deletion of the C3ar1 gene (β-C3aR1 KO).
    • Assessment of glucose tolerance, insulin levels, and beta cell mass in β-C3aR1 KO mice.
    • Analysis of insulin secretion from isolated islets and examination of beta cell identity and stress markers.

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  • Evaluation of beta cell lipotoxicity and correlation of C3AR1 expression with insulin secretion in human islets.

    • Main Results:

    • β-C3aR1 KO mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance, reduced insulin levels, and decreased beta cell mass.
    • Islets from β-C3aR1 KO mice showed impaired insulin secretion and an ablated response to C3a.
    • Loss of C3aR1 led to decreased beta cell identity markers, increased stress markers, and heightened susceptibility to lipotoxicity.
    • C3AR1 expression positively correlated with insulin secretion in human islets.

    Conclusions:

    • C3aR1 on pancreatic beta cells is essential for maintaining beta cell homeostasis and function, particularly under metabolic duress.
    • The C3a-C3aR1 signaling axis plays a critical role in regulating beta cell function and survival.
    • Targeting C3aR1 on beta cells may represent a therapeutic strategy for preserving beta cell function in type 2 diabetes.