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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Early neuromotor reflexes in infancy.

A J Capute

    Pediatric Annals
    |March 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pediatricians can detect motor handicaps early by tracking primitive reflexes, which appear at birth. Monitoring these reflexes and motor milestones helps identify developmental delays in infants.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics
    • Infant Motor Function Assessment

    Background:

    • Primitive reflexes are the earliest neurodevelopmental markers available for study.
    • Motor milestones predict future motor function but appear later than primitive reflexes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the importance of primitive reflexes as early neurodevelopmental markers.
    • To equip pediatricians with a neuromotor tool for early detection of motor handicaps.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of primitive reflexes.
    • Following the appearance and suppression times of primitive reflexes during the first six months of life.
    • Observing sequential office visits for infant neuromotor assessments.

    Main Results:

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    • Exaggeration or delayed suppression of primitive reflexes precedes delayed or deviant motor milestones.
    • Primitive reflexes are available at birth for clinical evaluation.
    • Infants are closely followed during the first six months of life.

    Conclusions:

    • Familiarity with primitive reflexes aids pediatricians in early detection of motor handicaps.
    • Standardization of intrauterine primitive reflex profiles may identify high-risk fetuses.
    • Non-invasive roentgenographic techniques can foster the study of intrauterine primitive reflexes.