Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Primer Extension Capture: Targeted Sequence Retrieval from Heavily Degraded DNA Sources
Published on: September 3, 2009
Paleolithic divergence and multiple Neolithic expansions of ancestral nomadic emperor-related paternal lineages
Mengge Wang1, Qiuxia Sun2, Yuhang Feng3
1Institute of Rare Diseases, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China; Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400331, China; Human Genetics and Forensic Genomics Research Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400331, China.
Abstract:
The reconstruction of demographic history using ancient and modern genomic resources reveals extensive interactions and admixture between ancient nomadic pastoralists and the social organizations of the Chinese Central Plain. However, the extent to which Y-chromosome genetic legacies from nomadic emperor-related ancestral lineages influence the Chinese paternal gene pool remains unclear. Here, we genotype 2717 ethnolinguistically diverse samples belonging to C2a lineages, perform whole-genome sequencing on 997 representative samples, and integrate these data with ancient genomic sequences. We reconstruct the evolutionary histories of Northern Zhou-, Qing emperor-, and pastoralist-related lineages to assess their genetic impact on modern Chinese populations. This reassembled fine-scale Y-chromosome phylogeny identifies deep divergence and five Neolithic expansion events contributing differently to the formation of northern Chinese populations. Phylogeographic modeling indicates that the nomadic empires of the Northern Zhou and Qing dynasties genetically originated from the Mongolian Plateau. Phylogenetic topology and shared haplotype patterns show that three upstream ancestors of Northern Zhou (C2a1a1b1a2a1b-FGC28857), Donghu tribe (C2a1a1b1-F1756), and Qing (C2a1a3a2-F10283) emperor-related lineages expanded during the middle Neolithic, contributing significantly to genetic flow between ancient northeastern Asians and modern East Asians. Notably, this study reveals limited direct contributions of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou's lineages to modern East Asians.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Gene Duplication and Divergence
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
Synteny and Evolution
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
Genetics of Speciation
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons
The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?
In contrast, regions which code...

