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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

302
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
302
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

333
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
333
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

283
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
283
Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

177
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
177
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

146
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
146
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

426
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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New onset seizures in Octogenarians.

Lakshmi Priya Lalitha1, Ashalatha Radhakrishnan2

  • 1Department of Neurology, R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care (RMNC), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

European Geriatric Medicine
|November 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

New seizures are more common in older adults. This study characterizes seizures in individuals over 85, finding stroke history and certain medications increase recurrence risk, highlighting the need for timely management.

Keywords:
ClobazamIdiopathic generalized epilepsyPhenytoinSeizure recurrence> 85 years

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Epilepsy Research

Background:

  • New-onset seizures occur 2-3 times more frequently in older adults compared to younger populations.
  • Previous research has focused on seizure characteristics in individuals over 60 or 65 years.
  • This study addresses the ILAE task force's 2023 call for data on epilepsy in the elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the clinical characteristics of seizures in individuals aged 85 years and older.
  • To identify risk factors associated with seizure recurrence in this specific age group.
  • To contribute to the understanding and management of late-onset epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective data collection from electronic medical records.
  • Comparison of clinical characteristics between seizure-free and seizure-recurrence groups.
  • Analysis of seizure types, neuroimaging, EEG findings, and etiologies.

Main Results:

  • 40 patients (mean age 88.7 years) were studied over 30 years.
  • Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were most common (45%).
  • Stroke was the most frequent identified etiology (27.5%), with 50% of cases having unidentified etiology.
  • 47.5% of patients experienced seizure recurrence, with prior stroke history and use of phenytoin or clobazam being significant risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides valuable characterization of late-onset seizures in the very elderly (over 85).
  • Identified risk factors for recurrence include prior stroke and specific antiepileptic drugs.
  • Timely and appropriate management is crucial for improving outcomes in this population.