Surface functionalization of two-dimensional nanomaterials beyond graphene: Applications and ecotoxicity

Area of Science:

• Nanotechnology
• Materials Science
• Environmental Science

Background:

• Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials offer unique properties but face challenges in environmental stability and biosafety.
• Surface functionalization is crucial for enhancing 2D nanomaterial performance and mitigating risks.
• Environmental interactions, like with natural organic matter (NOM), can alter 2D nanomaterial characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of surface functionalization strategies for 2D nanomaterials beyond graphene.
• To examine the impact of both covalent and non-covalent modifications on material properties.
• To assess the influence of surface functionalization on the ecological toxicity of 2D nanomaterials.

Main Methods:

• Review of covalent functionalization techniques including nucleophilic substitution, addition, condensation, and coordination.
• Classification of non-covalent interactions based on interacting substances (NOM, biomolecules, synthetic compounds).
• Analysis of studies investigating the effects of functionalization on 2D nanomaterial toxicity to bacteria and algae.

Main Results:

• Surface modification, both intentional and through environmental corona formation, significantly alters 2D nanomaterial physicochemical properties.
• Covalent and non-covalent interactions modify material structures, influencing their behavior in biological and environmental systems.
• Functionalization strategies can modulate the ecological toxicity of 2D nanomaterials.

Conclusions:

• Understanding surface interactions is key to controlling 2D nanomaterial properties and environmental fate.
• Functionalization offers pathways to improve the safety and applicability of 2D nanomaterials.
• This review provides a foundation for assessing the ecological risks of modified 2D nanomaterials.