[Antibiotic prescribing trends in German acute care hospitals from 2012/13 through 2021/22]

An important prerequisite for ascertaining rational antibiotic prescribing is the availability and evaluation of antibiotic use data. In this study we report evolving trends of antibiotic use in German hospitals during the last decade.Using drug dispensing data from acute care hospital pharmacies, we calculated yearly antibiotic use density values for the period from 2012/13 through to 2021/22. Use density was expressed as daily doses per 100 patient days, using both hospital adapted doses of antibiotics ("recommended daily dose", RDD) as well as WHO-"defined daily doses" (DDD). The 2021/22 data were extrapolated to estimate the hospital consumption in DDD per 1000 population and day.The overall antibiotic use density remained stable during the observation period. It was 41.9 RDD/100 patient days (median, n=169 hospitals, interquartile range 35-48 RDD/100) in the year 2012/13 and 42.1 RDD/100 (median, n=329, interquartile range 35-48 RDD/100) in the year 2021/22, respectively. The estimated national use per population in 2021/22 was 1.85 DDD per 1000 inhabitants and day. The antibiotic use levels in university hospitals (54.0 RDD/100) were higher than in non-university hospitals that showed a similar use density across different hospital size categories (medians between 39.8 and 44.0 RDD/100). Overall, penicillin use increased over time (change in proportion +63%), while fluoroquinolones (- 54%) and first and second generation cephalosporins (- 41%) were prescribed less frequently. Antibiotic use density in intensive care units was approximately twice as high as in normal wards. High levels of antibiotic use were also observed in haematology-oncology divisions at teaching hospitals (median 96.8 RDD/100), in urology (medians between 65.1 and 70.5 RDD/100) and oto-rhino-laryngology (medians between 49.1 and 60.9 RDD/100) and urology divisions.During the last decade, there was no increasing use of antibiotics in German acute care hospitals. We observed shifts in selected drug classes, in particular an increasing use of penicillins. The estimated hospital antibiotic consumption per population was slightly above the European average.