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Updated: May 7, 2026
Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Updated classification with spinal dysraphism and treatment outcomes of arteriovenous shunts below conus: a
Yu-Xiang Fan1,2, Cheng-Bin Yang1,2, Jing-Wei Li1,2
1Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Background:
Arteriovenous shunts below conus medullaris (AVS-BC) are understudied, particularly those associated with spinal dysraphism. This study aimed to refine the classification and management of AVS-BC.
Methods:
A retrospective analysis of patients with AVS-BC from two centers over two decades was performed, focusing on clinical presentations, angioarchitecture, and treatment outcomes. AVS-BC was classified into eight subtypes based on angioarchitecture, dural relation, and spinal dysraphism presence. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using changes in the modified Aminoff and Logue's Scale and the modified Denis Pain and Numbness Scale.
Results:
The cohort included 140 patients (85.0% male) with a median onset age of 54 years (IQR 47-62). Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula was the most prevalent subtype (32.1%). AVS-lipoma (58.8%) and AVS with spina bifida/meningocele (75.0%) were mainly located in S3-S5, while others were above S2 (p<0.001). Most AVS-BCs were supplied by the internal iliac artery (37.1%) and drained intradurally (96.4%). Venous lakes were common in spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula (88.2%) and paravertebral arteriovenous fistula (100.0%). Larger drainage veins (>2.0 mm) were found in paravertebral arteriovenous fistula (PVAVF) (50.0%) and AVS with spina bifida/meningocele (AVS-SBD) (50.0%) (p=0.012). Embolization was the preferred treatment (50.7%), achieving a 97.1% anatomical cure rate. Despite functional improvements, 25% experienced deterioration during a median follow-up of 47 months (IQR 20-113).
Conclusions:
The refined AVS-BC classification revealed significant angioarchitectural variations. Tailored treatment strategies, especially embolization, resulted in high anatomical cure rates, though post-treatment deterioration warrants further investigation.
