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Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Acid–Base Titration: Overview01:26

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An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known concentration–either a base for acid titration or an acid for base titration. The process involves gradually adding the titrant, leading to a predictable change in the pH of the solution. This change is plotted on a titration curve, showing how a solution's pH varies with the amount of titrant added. Such curves are instrumental in monitoring the...
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Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview01:27

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Controlled current coulometry, also known as amperostatic coulometry, is a technique used in electrochemical analysis to measure the quantity of a substance through the controlled passage of current. It involves the application of a constant current to an electrochemical cell containing the analyte of interest. As the current flows through the cell, the analyte undergoes a redox reaction at the electrode surface, resulting in a charge transfer. By monitoring the time required for a certain...
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Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

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During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
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Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

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The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
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Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

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Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential...
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Hybrid model using bond graph-TCN network and event triggered predictive control of pH neutralization process.

Joanofarc Xavier1, M A Henry Barath2, Sanjib Kumar Patnaik2

  • 1Researcher, Dublin, OH 43016, United States.

ISA Transactions
|November 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new hybrid Bond Graph-Temporal Convolution Network (BG-TCN) model enhances pH neutralization control. This fuzzy-based approach improves accuracy in complex, nonlinear industrial processes.

Keywords:
Bond graphDeep learningEvent triggered NMPCFuzzyPH neutralizationTCN

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Control Systems
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • pH neutralization is critical in industrial process control.
  • Real-time pH neutralization units exhibit high complexity and nonlinearity.
  • Existing models struggle with the dynamic uncertainties inherent in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel fuzzy-based hybrid Bond Graph-Temporal Convolution Network (BG-TCN) model.
  • To address the challenges posed by the convoluted dynamics of pH neutralization.
  • To improve the precision and robustness of industrial process control loops.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCN) with dilated causal convolutions for time series analysis.
  • Employing Bond Graphs (BG) for an energy-centric representation of system dynamics.
  • Integrating a fuzzy rule-based inference system to manage model uncertainties and facilitate smooth transitions.
  • Implementing an event-triggered predictive control strategy with a fuzzy event handler.

Main Results:

  • The hybrid BG-TCN model demonstrated superior performance compared to individual TCN and BG models.
  • The model effectively handles the high nonlinearity and complexity of pH neutralization processes.
  • Precise set point tracking was achieved for both closed-loop servo and regulatory control problems.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed fuzzy-based BG-TCN hybrid model offers a significant advancement in pH neutralization control.
  • This approach provides a robust and accurate solution for complex industrial applications.
  • The integration of BG, TCN, and fuzzy logic enhances predictive control capabilities.