The development for emerging biomarkers of lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, slowly progressing, low-grade metastatic tumor primarily affecting women. Currently, vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is the only validated diagnostic biomarker, enabling diagnosis of LAM without the need for lung biopsy in appropriate clinical settings. However, VEGF-D concentrations are normal in about 30% of patients, rendering it insufficient for diagnosing all cases of LAM. There remains a need to identify more non-invasive, safe, sensitive, and specific biomarkers associated with LAM. Therefore, it is imperative to explore novel non-invasive, safe, and specific diagnostic methods for LAM. This article aims to review biomarkers associated with LAM, including potential biomarkers newly discovered or showing advancements in classical biomarkers widely used in LAM, and discuss their application in LAM diagnosis, assessment of disease severity, prediction of treatment response, and prognosis. （LAM） 、，。，-D （VEGF-D） ， LAM。， 30% VEGF-D ， LAM 。 LAM 、、。，、 LAM 。 LAM ， LAM ， LAM 、、。.