Genetic insights into kidney stone formation: a Mendelian randomization study of protein quantitative trait loci

Kidney stones are a common urological condition caused by a complex interaction of genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Recent genomic research has shed light on the genetic basis of kidney stone susceptibility.This study aims to identify protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) associated with kidney stone formation and explore their causal relationships using Mendelian randomization.We conducted two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses utilizing Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary data to assess the causal impact of pQTL on kidney stone formation. Data sources included the UK Biobank dataset "ukb-b-8297" and an external validation dataset "ukb-b-13537". We employed inverse variance weighting (IVW) as the primary MR method, supplemented by sensitivity analyses such as MR-PRESSO, Leave-One-Out, and Cochran Q tests to validate the robustness of our findings.Our analyses identified significant associations between several pQTL and kidney stones. Key proteins such as CD27, CXCL9, and TNFRSF1A exhibited significant centrality in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, suggesting their critical roles in kidney stone pathogenesis. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and osteoclast differentiation, highlighting the involvement of immune response and inflammatory processes in kidney stone formation.This study underscores the significance of pQTL in kidney stone research, identifying key proteins and pathways that may serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. The findings provide insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying kidney stone formation, offering potential avenues for future research and therapeutic interventions.