A systematic scoping review of Jackstone Calculi: clinical presentation and management

Jackstone calculi are a rare and distinctive type of urinary stone characterized by their radiating spicule structure. They are primarily found in the bladder, and also occur in the renal pelvis. Because jackstone calculi are infrequently encountered in clinical practice, studies on their pathophysiology and clinical implications are relatively limited. This systematic scoping review aims to consolidate existing knowledge, find the deficiencies of current research, and provide a reference for further research. A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed and Embase databases with the terms "Jackstone" and "jack stone[Title/Abstract]". The search strategy employed was: (jack stone[Title/Abstract]) OR (Jackstone) NOT (dog). And a dual-review process was used to screen titles and abstracts, resulting in 15 articles meeting the inclusion criteria for this review. The selected studies provided insights into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, and management of jackstone calculi. These stones typically exhibit a protein-rich, X-ray lucent core surrounded by concentric layers of calcium oxalate monohydrate.Common clinical symptoms include pain, hematuria, and urinary obstruction. Diagnostic imaging, particularly CT scans, is crucial for identifying these stones. The treatment of jackstone should pay attention to that it may be a Secondary outcome.Jackstone calculi, while rare, present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their distinct structure and formation mechanisms. This review consolidates current knowledge and underscores the need for further research to better understand their pathophysiology and optimize management strategies. Identifying and addressing these gaps will enhance clinical outcomes and patient care.