A technical survey on practical applications and guidelines for IoT sensors in precision agriculture and viticulture

Climate change pose significant challenges to modern agriculture management systems, threatening food production and security. Therefore, tackling its effects has never been so imperative to attain sustainable food access and nutrition worldwide. In the case of viticulture, besides jeopardizing grape production, climate change has severe impact in quality, which has becoming more challenging to manage, due to the increasingly frequent fungal contamination, with consequences for relevant quality parameters such as the aromatic profiles of grapes and wines and their phenolic compounds. This has been leading to a reconfiguration of the wine industry geostrategic landscape and economy dynamics, particularly in Southern Europe. To address these and other emerging challenges, in-field deployable proximity-based precision technologies have been enabling real-time monitoring of crops ecosystems, including climate, soil and plants, by performing relevant data gathering and storage, paving the way for advanced decision support under the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This paper explores the integration of agronomic and technological knowledge, emphasizing the proper selection of IoT-capable sensors for viticulture, while considering more general ones from agriculture to fill gaps when specialized options are unavailable. Moreover, advisable practices for sensor installation are provided, according to respective types, data acquisition capabilities and applicability.