Impact of gold nanoparticle exposure on genetic material

Metal nanoparticles, with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) at the forefront, have gained immense attention due to their unique properties. At the nanoscale, gold exhibits remarkable physical, chemical, optical, and electronic features, making it ideal for a plethora of applications, including bioimaging, sensing, diagnostics, and drug delivery. Despite their promising utility, concerns have arisen regarding the potential adverse effects of AuNP on human health. Research has indicated that these nanoparticles can accumulate in vital organs and interact with proteins and cellular structures, potentially leading to diverse toxicological manifestations. The precise understanding of these nano-bio interactions is further complicated by the varied physicochemical properties of AuNP that influence their biological effects. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the genotoxic effects of AuNP, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms and factors affecting their toxicity. The search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases. Eventually, 32 studies focusing on the genotoxic effects of AuNP were included in the review. In vitro and in vivo findings revealed that AuNP can induce primary DNA damage, oxidative DNA damage, chromosomal damage, alterations in gene expression, and effects on epigenetic regulation. These effects were found to be influenced by various factors, including nanoparticle size, shape, and surface coating. However, the existing literature also highlights the challenges associated with assessing the genotoxicity of nanomaterials (NM), emphasizing the need for standardized and adapted testing protocols. The interference of nanoparticles with conventional toxicity assays may lead to unreliable results; thus, specific methodologies tailored for NM evaluation must be implemented. In conclusion, while AuNP hold tremendous potential for innovative applications, their safety profile remains a critical concern. Continued research is imperative to elucidate the mechanisms of AuNP induced genotoxicity and develop robust testing protocols, ensuring their safe and effective use in diverse applications.