Microbial biosynthesis of nucleos(t)ide analogs: applications, and engineering optimization

Nucleos(t)ide analogs constitute a diverse group of compounds derived from nucleosides and nucleotides, playing a crucial role in various biological processes. These analogs exhibit a wide range of applications, including their use as additives, antiviral, and anticancer agents, which makes them valuable in food and medical research. In this review, we will explore the applications of nucleos(t)ide analogs across different fields and discuss the latest advances in engineering and optimization strategies aimed at improving their production efficiency and tailoring their properties for specific purposes. The article focuses on the design of microbial cell factories and their critical role in the production of nucleos(t)ide analogs. By leveraging microbial biosynthesis pathways and employing strategies such as metabolic engineering, researchers are optimizing the synthesis pathways of nucleos(t)ide analogs. This optimization enhances both the yield and diversity of nucleos(t)ide analogs, leading to the creation of novel compounds with enhanced bioactivity and therapeutic potential. Consequently, these efforts are driving significant advancements in drug discovery and biotechnology.