Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Neonatal Birth Outcomes

Aims/Background The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal birth outcomes. Methods A total of 2010 cases of mothers with GDM who underwent routine prenatal examinations and delivered at The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang from June 2021 to April 2022, and their newborns were selected as the GDM group. For comparison, 2087 cases of mothers with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and their newborns during the same period were selected as the NGT group. Birth outcomes of both groups were compared. Results Pregnant women in the GDM group exhibited significantly higher proportions of advanced age, higher body mass index (BMI), and irregular dietary habits compared to the NGT group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the GDM group had significantly lower proportions of nutrient supplementation and prenatal exercise compared to the NGT group (p < 0.05). The incidences of macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were significantly higher in the GDM group compared to the NGT group (p < 0.05 for all). Among GDM women with adverse outcomes, significant differences were observed in pre-pregnancy BMI, insufficient or excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and poor glycemic control during pregnancy compared to those without adverse outcomes (p < 0.05 for all). Poor glycemic control during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI, and inadequate or excessive weight gain were significant factors influencing adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion The risk factors for GDM include advanced maternal age, being underweight, overweight, or obese prior to pregnancy, irregular eating habits, dietary nutritional deficiencies, and lack of prenatal exercise. The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes is higher in GDM patients compared to those without GDM. Poor glycemic control during pregnancy and higher pre-pregnancy BMI are significant factors that contribute to negative outcomes for both GDM patients and their newborns.