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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.7K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.7K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

16.7K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
16.7K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

18.8K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
18.8K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

17.2K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
17.2K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

39.7K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
39.7K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.2K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
4.2K

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Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Multiphase Chemistry in the Atmosphere.

Markus Ammann1, Peter A Alpert2,3, Luca Artiglia4

  • 1PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. markus.ammann@psi.ch.

Chimia
|December 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiphase atmospheric chemistry, involving reactions in aerosols and at interfaces, is crucial for trace gas cycling, influencing climate and human health. Understanding these processes is key to atmospheric science.

Keywords:
AnthropoceneAtmosphereChemistryMultiphase

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Earth's atmosphere contains both gas and condensed phases.
  • Condensed phases, like aerosols and clouds, enable unique chemical reactions.
  • These multiphase reactions are vital for atmospheric processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review chemical steps governing trace constituent cycling in atmospheric condensed phases.
  • To focus on reactions within aerosol particles and at condensed phase-air interfaces.
  • To highlight the role of specific chemical processes in atmospheric cycling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of chemical reactions in atmospheric condensed phases.
  • Analysis of reactions at interfaces (mineral oxides, ice, aqueous solutions).
  • Discussion of factors like redox cycling, hydrogen bonding, and water activity.

Main Results:

  • Multiphase chemistry significantly impacts geochemical cycles, human health, and climate.
  • Aerosol particles and condensed phase-air interfaces are key sites for atmospheric reactions.
  • Halogens, reactive nitrogen, and organics are significantly affected by these processes.

Conclusions:

  • Multiphase chemical reactions are fundamental to atmospheric trace constituent cycling.
  • Understanding these reactions is critical for predicting atmospheric behavior and its impact.
  • Further research into redox cycling and water's role is essential.