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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Ultralow-Concentration Pt-Decorated Carbon Sphere Catalyst for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Naveen Kumar Reddy Bogireddy1, Mohan Kumar Kesarla1, Ana Laura Elías2

  • 1Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, Mexico.

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Summary

Ultralow platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) decorated carbon spheres (CS) show enhanced hydrogen evolution performance. These Pt-CS hybrids offer stability for renewable energy and water purification applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Developing efficient electrocatalysts is crucial for renewable energy.
  • Carbon-based materials offer a promising platform for catalyst support.
  • Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) are highly effective but costly catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop ultralow platinum nanoparticle decorated carbon spheres (Pt-CS) for enhanced hydrogen evolution.
  • To investigate the structural and electrochemical properties of the novel Pt-CS hybrid.
  • To assess the stability and potential applications of the developed catalyst.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrothermal treatment and chemical reduction were used to synthesize Pt-CS hybrids.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed Pt NP decoration.
  • X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyzed structure and distribution.
  • Electrochemical testing evaluated hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance.

Main Results:

  • Ultralow Pt NP decoration (0.32 wt%) on CS was achieved.
  • Uniform distribution and crystallinity of Pt NPs were confirmed.
  • Pt-CS hybrids exhibited an onset potential of -144 mV for HER in acidic medium.
  • The catalyst demonstrated superior performance and stability over 200 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Pt-CS hybrid is a highly efficient and stable catalyst for hydrogen evolution.
  • This material shows potential for applications in water purification and renewable energy.
  • Ultralow noble metal loading can lead to high-performance catalytic systems.