Microbiological dimensions and functions in constructed wetlands: A review

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Microbiology
• Ecology

Background:

• Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.
• Microbial communities are central to CW pollutant removal efficiency.
• Microbial adaptation influences CW performance under varying conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review microbial studies in CWs for pollutant removal mechanisms.
• To analyze factors affecting microbial community structure and function.
• To provide insights for CW design and water resource management.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of microbial studies in constructed wetlands.
• Analysis of microbial roles in nitrogen and phosphate metabolism.
• Examination of microbial heavy metal removal techniques.

Main Results:

• Proteobacteria facilitate nitrogen fixation via DAMO and SAD pathways.
• Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gemmatimonadetes are crucial for phosphate metabolism.
• Microorganisms effectively remove heavy metals through biosorption, transformation, and biomineralization.

Conclusions:

• Microbial community structure and function are vital for CW performance.
• Understanding microbial dynamics aids in optimizing CW design and operation.
• This review enhances knowledge of CW ecosystems for better water stewardship.