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Additional time error in association football is associated with interruption type and goal difference
Yuesen Li1, Hendrik Weber2, Daniel Link1,3
1Department of Health and Sports Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Science & Medicine in Football
|December 2, 2024
Summary
German football referees often award less additional time than warranted, showing bias in matches with larger goal differences and slight home team advantage. This suggests a need for improved referee training and decision-making processes.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Football Analytics
- Refereeing Studies
Background:
- Accurate awarding of additional time in football is crucial for game fairness.
- Previous research has not fully explored potential biases in refereeing decisions regarding additional time.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate potential referee bias in awarding additional time (AAT) in the German Bundesliga.
- To analyze the relationship between AAT, calculated additional time (CAT), and various interruption types.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of Awarded Additional Time (AAT) and Calculated Additional Time (CAT) data from the German Bundesliga 2022/2023 season.
- Statistical analysis including Multiple Linear Regression, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests to assess AAT errors (ATE) and biases.
Main Results:
- Referees awarded less AAT than warranted by interruptions (ATE = 2:10 ± 2:24 min).
- Interruption types like Goal Celebrations were considered less significant than Substitutions, Injuries, and VAR.
- Significant bias was observed in matches with a goal difference greater than one and a slight home bias was detected.
Conclusions:
- German Bundesliga referees exhibit inconsistencies in awarding additional time, particularly in matches with decisive outcomes.
- Findings indicate potential areas for enhancement in referee training and decision-making processes.
- The study highlights the importance of addressing these biases for the advancement of the game.
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