Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Active Filters01:25

Active Filters

773
Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
773
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

158
Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
158
Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps01:20

Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps

634
In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is connected through a resistor to the inverting terminal. Meanwhile, the non-inverting terminal is grounded and a feedback resistor is established between the inverting and output terminal, as depicted in Figure 1.
634
Op Amp AC Circuits01:18

Op Amp AC Circuits

184
Within an audio system, the filter circuit plays a pivotal role in processing the amplified audio signal from an amplifier. Its primary function is significantly attenuating signal components with lower frequencies, thereby shaping the audio output. This circuit's operations are examined, focusing on the fundamental filter configuration. This configuration involves an operational amplifier arranged in an inverting setup coupled with resistors (R1 and R2) and a capacitor (C1).
184
MOSFET Amplifiers01:17

MOSFET Amplifiers

146
The MOSFET, when operating in its active region, functions as a voltage-controlled current source. In this region, the gate-to-source voltage controls the drain current. This principle underlies the operation of the transconductance MOSFET amplifier. The output current is directed through a load resistor to convert this amplifier into a voltage amplifier. The output voltage is then obtained by subtracting the voltage drop across the load resistance from the supply voltage. This process results...
146
Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

512
Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff...
512

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correlated insulating and superconducting states in twisted bilayer graphene below the magic angle.

Science advances·2019
Same author

Nanoparticle-Induced Anomalous Hall Effect in Graphene.

Nano letters·2019
Same journal

A compact low-power magnetic particle imaging scanner based on a permanent-magnet field-free-line generator with high gradient.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Achieving ultrahigh resolution with high efficiency: Optical design of the two-dimensional Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (2D-RIXS) spectrometer at NanoTerasu beamline 02U.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Automated laboratory x-ray diffractometer and fluorescence spectrometer for high-throughput materials characterization.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Nonlinear Bayesian Doppler tomography for simultaneous reconstruction of flow and temperature.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

A Reflectance-based multimodal wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Temporal analysis of products-Raman (TAP-Raman): An integrated setup for operando spectroscopy and transient kinetic analysis.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection
10:34

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection

Published on: January 7, 2022

2.8K

Hybrid filter for lock-in amplifiers.

Jeffrey Lindemuth1, Emilio Codecido1, Noah Faust1

  • 1Lake Shore Cryotronics, 575 McCorkle Blvd., Westerville, Ohio 43082, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel hybrid filter for lock-in amplifiers, combining infinite impulse response (IIR) and moving average filters. This new design improves noise reduction and reduces settling time for precise AC signal measurements.

More Related Videos

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
00:10

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

13.7K
Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
15:25

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

6.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2025

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection
10:34

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection

Published on: January 7, 2022

2.8K
X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
00:10

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

13.7K
Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
15:25

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

6.1K

Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Signal Processing
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Lock-in amplifiers require precise AC signal measurement in noisy environments.
  • Traditional infinite impulse response (IIR) filters have long settling times.
  • Moving average filters offer faster settling but have suboptimal frequency responses for noise reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hybrid filter combining IIR and moving average filters for enhanced noise reduction in lock-in amplifiers.
  • To improve the equivalent noise bandwidth (ENBW) and settling time of filters used in precision measurements.
  • To provide theoretical analysis and design methodologies for the novel hybrid filter architecture.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid filter architecture was designed, integrating a short IIR filter with a longer finite impulse response (moving average) filter.
  • Theoretical analysis was performed to derive the step response, settling time, frequency response, and ENBW of the hybrid filter.
  • Experimental validation involved noise measurements of resistors and comparison with theoretical predictions.

Main Results:

  • The hybrid filter design offers improved noise reduction, quantified by ENBW.
  • Design methodologies allow for matching settling time with lower ENBW or maintaining ENBW with faster settling.
  • Experimental results validated the theoretical predictions for the hybrid filter's performance.

Conclusions:

  • The hybrid filter architecture presents a significant advancement for noise reduction in lock-in amplifiers.
  • This approach offers a flexible trade-off between settling time and noise equivalent bandwidth.
  • The study provides a practical design framework for optimizing filter performance in precision measurement instruments.