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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Alternating and Pulsed Current Electrolysis for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Francesco De Bon1, Alexandre Vaz Simões1, Armenio C Serra1

  • 1Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.

Chempluschem
|December 2, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternating current (AC) and pulsed electrolysis enhance polymer synthesis via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). These electrochemical methods improve reaction selectivity and efficiency, offering new avenues for advanced material development.

Keywords:
Alternating CurrentAtom Transfer Radical PolymerizationCopperElectrochemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled polymerization technique.
  • Electrochemical methods offer precise control over redox reactions.
  • Alternating current (AC) and pulsed electrolysis present novel approaches to electro-organic synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the application of AC and pulsed electrolysis in ATRP for polymer synthesis.
  • To investigate how AC electrolysis can enhance selectivity and reagent conversion.
  • To discuss the challenges and future prospects of these electrochemical techniques in polymer chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing alternating current (AC) electrolysis, which oscillates between reduction and oxidation.
  • Employing pulsed electrolysis to sustain electrochemical reactions within ATRP.
  • Analyzing the impact of these methods on reaction selectivity, side reactions, and product yield.

Main Results:

  • AC electrolysis demonstrates tunable selectivity for specific reaction pathways.
  • Both AC and pulsed electrolysis can improve product selectivity and reagent conversion in ATRP.
  • Electrochemical control offers a promising alternative for efficient polymer synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • AC and pulsed electrolysis are effective strategies for advancing ATRP.
  • These electrochemical techniques provide enhanced control over polymerization processes.
  • Future developments are expected in electro-organic synthesis for novel polymer applications.