Quantification of urinary albumin in clinical samples using smartphone enabled LFA reader incorporating automated...

Smartphone-assisted urine analyzers estimate the urinary albumin by quantifying color changes at sensor pad of test strips. These strips yield color variations due to the total protein present in the sample, making it difficult to relate to color changes due to specific analyte. We have addressed it using a Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) device for automatic detection and quantification of urinary albumin. LFAs are specific to individual analytes, allowing color changes to be linked to the specific analyte, minimizing the interference. The proposed reader performs automatic segmentation of the region of interest (ROI) using YOLOv5, a deep learning-based model. Concentrations of urinary albumin in clinical samples were classified using customized machine learning algorithms. An accuracy of 96% was achieved on the test data using the k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) algorithm. Performance of the model was also evaluated under different illumination conditions and with different smartphone cameras, and validated using standard nephelometer.