GPA1 is a determinant of leaf width and fruit size in tomato

The identification and dissection of the genetic foundations underlying natural variations in crop species are critical for understanding their phenotypic diversity and for subsequent application in selective breeding. In this research, we identify a natural polymorphism in the promoter region of the G protein α subunit 1 (GPA1) gene, which is associated with the width of the tomato leaves. This may be an evolutionary consequence resulting from the domestication processes aimed at increasing fruit size. A functional disruption of the GPA1 gene resulted in a significant reduction in both the leaf size and the fruit mass in tomatoes compared to the wild type. Further exploration revealed that the intrinsic variation present in the GPA1 promoter region is responsible for the differential expression of the GPA1 gene. Distinct GPA1 haplotypes show a significant correlation with geographic distribution, suggesting that the polymorphisms within the GPA1 locus confer adaptive advantages for modulating leaf morphology in tomatoes, reflecting evolutionary responses to regional environmental pressures. Consequently, our findings provide new insights into the genetic diversity underlying leaf morphology and offer a valuable genetic resource for the selective breeding of cultivated tomato varieties.