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Related Concept Videos

Reticular Dermis01:15

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Biomechanical Characterization of Human Soft Tissues Using Indentation and Tensile Testing
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Mechanical stiffness across skin layers in human: a pilot study.

Wan-Yu Chi1,2, Hao-Wei Huang3, Gang-Hui Lee2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Tissue Barriers
|December 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study measured skin mechanical stiffness using atomic force microscopy. Results reveal distinct elastic modulus rankings across skin layers, crucial for understanding skin health and disease.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyelastic modulusmechanobiologyskin diseasesskin homeostasisskin stiffness

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Dermatology
  • Tissue Mechanics

Background:

  • Mechanobiology is vital for skin homeostasis, wound healing, and regeneration.
  • Altered tissue stiffness is associated with various skin pathologies.
  • Understanding skin's physical properties is essential for diagnosing and treating skin conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the mechanical stiffness (elastic modulus) of different human skin layers.
  • To establish a reference for the elastic modulus of various skin strata.
  • To provide insights into the physical basis of skin physiology and pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to measure the elastic modulus.
  • Analysis was performed on multiple skin layers from six participants (2 males, 4 females, aged 1-70 years).

Main Results:

  • The elastic modulus of skin layers, from highest to lowest, was determined as: epidermis, papillary dermis, upper reticular dermis, lower reticular dermis, sebaceous gland, and subcutaneous tissue.
  • Significant variations in mechanical stiffness exist across different skin strata.

Conclusions:

  • This research establishes a quantitative hierarchy of mechanical stiffness for human skin layers.
  • The findings offer valuable reference data for research in skin physiology and pathology.
  • Understanding these biomechanical properties can aid in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for skin diseases.