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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfactory training affects the correlation between brain structure and functional connectivity.

Abolhasan Rezaeyan1, Somayeh Asadi2, Seyed Kamran Kamrava3

  • 1Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran.

The Neuroradiology Journal
|December 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory training (OT) in post-traumatic anosmia (PTA) patients enhances brain functional connectivity (FC) and structural changes in olfactory regions. Both classical and modified OT methods show improvements, correlating with anatomical brain alterations.

Keywords:
Functional connectivityMRIbrain structureolfactory trainingpost-traumatic anosmia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory research

Background:

  • Neuroimaging studies reveal functional connectivity (FC) changes and structural abnormalities in post-traumatic anosmia (PTA).
  • Olfactory training (OT) and odorant exposure can improve olfactory function.
  • This study investigates the link between FC and cortical thickness in olfactory brain regions after OT in PTA patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the correlations between functional connectivity (FC) and cortical thickness in brain regions related to olfaction in post-traumatic anosmia (PTA) patients following olfactory training (OT).

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five PTA patients were divided into three groups: control (no training), classical OT (4 fixed odors), and modified OT (4 sets of 4 sequential odors).
  • Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test before and after training.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were analyzed for functional connectivity and brain morphometry.

Main Results:

  • Modified OT increased activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, with enhanced FC between the piriform cortex (PIRC) and caudate nucleus.
  • Classical OT increased insula cortex activation and FC between the PIRC and pre-central gyrus.
  • Both OT groups showed significant improvements in brain connectivity linked to anatomical changes.

Conclusions:

  • Intensive olfactory training enhances functional connectivity in the brain's olfactory processing areas.
  • These improvements in functional connectivity correlate with measurable structural changes in the brain.