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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
16.2K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

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Cellular translational enhancer elements that recruit eukaryotic initiation factor 3.

Jiří Koubek1, Jaswinder Kaur1, Shivani Bhandarkar1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)
|December 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) binds to specific mRNA sequences, influencing protein production. This discovery reveals a new mechanism for regulating gene expression, especially under stress conditions.

Keywords:
RNA-binding proteinsstress responsetranslation initiation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Protein Synthesis

Background:

  • Translation initiation is a critical, highly regulated step controlling eukaryotic gene expression.
  • Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) plays a key role in ribosome recruitment for both canonical and alternative translation pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how direct binding of eIF3 to 5'-untranslated regions (5' UTRs) influences mRNA-specific protein output.
  • To identify the binding motifs and functional relevance of eIF3-5' UTR interactions.

Main Methods:

  • A high-throughput approach was employed to measure the binding affinity of yeast eIF3 to 5' UTRs from 4252 genes.
  • Analysis focused on identifying specific binding motifs and correlating binding with ribosome density and translation efficiency under stress.

Main Results:

  • eIF3 specifically binds to a subset of 5' UTRs containing the unstructured motif AMAYAA.
  • mRNAs bound by eIF3 exhibit higher ribosome density in growing cells.
  • These eIF3-bound mRNAs are preferentially translated under specific cellular stress conditions.

Conclusions:

  • A novel class of translational enhancers mediated by eIF3 binding to 5' UTRs has been identified.
  • This interaction provides a mechanism for mRNA-specific translation programs regulated by core initiation factors.
  • The findings highlight the role of eIF3 in modulating gene expression in response to cellular stress.